--- title: "Harassment, sextortion and defamation, Ernakulam" description: "Harassment, sextortion and defamation: 24 matters, each with the law, forum, procedure, documents and limitation. Online stalking in Kerala – repeated…" url: "https://advaslam.com/practice/cyber-crime/matters/harassment-sextortion-defamation/" image: "https://advaslam.com/og.png" --- Cyber fraud, freeze & takedown # Harassment, sextortion and defamation 24 matters from the Cyber fraud, freeze & takedown index. Each entry sets out the problem, the law, the forum, the procedure, the documents usually needed and the limitation clock. General information only — verify the current position on your facts before acting. **Contents** 1. Online stalking in Kerala – repeated follow, messages, monitoring (BNS 78) 2. Sextortion – intimate photo/video threat for money or more images 3. Revenge porn / non-consensual intimate image (NCII) sharing – ex-partner upload 4. Deepfake / morphed photo-video – face swapped onto explicit content 5. Fake profile in victim's name – Instagram / Facebook / matrimonial impersonation 6. Identity theft – PAN/Aadhaar/photo used for SIM, loan, or account 7. Online defamation – post, video, review alleging crime/fraud against person/business 8. Hacked account – email / Instagram / business page taken over 9. Voyeurism – photo/video of private act without consent (BNS 77) 10. Cyberbullying / college ragging chat abuse – group targeting student 11. Accused-side – harassment allegation from failed relationship / dispute 12. Accused-side – defamation complaint against you for review/complaint 13. Civil injunction – stop circulation + de-index prayer drafting 14. 2-hour intimate-image grievance track – impersonation content (Rule 3(2)(b)) 15. Workplace / college online harassment record – ICC + police parallel 16. Child-targeted abuse image complaint – POCSO + IT 67B path (facts only) 17. Business-review extortion – "pay or 1-star / expose video stays 18. Matrimonial-site misuse – fake groom/bride + money/photo demand 19. Doxxing – address/phone/child school published to harass 20. Non-consensual recording in lodge/hostel/PG – hidden camera allegation 21. Image-misuse by lender/recovery agent – contact-list broadcast threat 22. Comment-section pile-on / coordinated trolling – journalist / doctor / teacher targeted 23. Apology / correction vs trial – what public statement is safe during case 24. Evidence bundle for harassment trial – full-thread + BSA 63 + 105 video ## Online stalking in Kerala – repeated follow, messages, monitoring (BNS 78) Repeated messages/follows despite blocking; fear at home/college. What it involvesCourse of conduct + fear/alarm; platform + police tracks. Relevant lawBNS 78 (stalking – primary); IT 67/67A add only where obscene/sexual content. ForumSHO/Women & Cyber cells + NCRP; platform Rule 3(2) grievance. Procedure & stagePreserve full thread (no selective delete); BNSS 173 complaint; protection/support request. RemedyFIR + restraint/bail conditions; takedown. High Court connectionHC bail-cancellation / protection direction where threat persists. Documents normally requiredComplete chats, IDs/URLs, block/report tickets, ID proof, NCRP ack. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – preserve and complain promptly; protection/support urgency. **Related:** Fake-profile; injunction. **Blocked – enough?** Preserve first, then block + complain – deletion weakens proof. ## Sextortion – intimate photo/video threat for money or more images Threat to publish unless money/images sent; panic payment pressure. What it involvesExtortion + privacy violation; often organised handler. Relevant lawBNS 308(2) extortion, 351 intimidation; IT 66E (privacy), 67/67A (obscene/sexual publication). ForumCyber PS (women-sensitive handling where applicable) + NCRP; platform grievance. Procedure & stageDo not pay further; preserve threat + payment trail; BNSS 173 FIR; takedown parallel. RemedyFreeze + takedown + prosecution; interim injunction where identifiable publisher. High Court connectionHC in-camera/privacy prayers; writ for persistent non-removal. Documents normally requiredThreats, URLs/IDs, UTRs, platform tickets, ID. LimitationTakedown – Rule 3(2) ack 24 hrs; intimate-image track 2-hr removal effort (see entry on this page). **Related:** Revenge-porn; deepfake. **Paid once – will it stop?** Usually escalates – stop, preserve, complain. ## Revenge porn / non-consensual intimate image (NCII) sharing – ex-partner upload Private images shared to friends/sites after breakup. What it involvesConsent-based offence; rapid spread control. Relevant lawIT 66E, 67/67A; BNS 79 (insult to modesty – where ingredients), 308/351 where threats. ForumCyber PS + NCRP; platform grievance + StopNCII-type hash where available. Procedure & stageURL-by-URL preservation (hash/URL/time); platform + NCRP + FIR same day; BSA 63 chain. RemedyRemoval + de-index request + prosecution; civil injunction. High Court connectionHC gag/privacy + intermediary-direction prayers in persistent-circulation cases. Documents normally requiredURLs, screenshots with time, reporter tickets, ID, FIR/NCRP. Limitation2-hr intimate-image removal track (r.3(2)(b)) + ack 24 hrs (r.3(2)(a)(i)) – IT Rules as amended by G.S.R. 120(E) dated 10.02.2026, w.e.f. 20.02.2026. **Related:** Deepfake; injunction. **Consented to capture – case lost?** Capture consent is not distribution consent – record matters. ## Deepfake / morphed photo-video – face swapped onto explicit content Morphed images circulated as if real; reputation + family distress. What it involvesForgery/personation + obscenity + defamation overlap. Relevant lawIT 66E, 66D (personation), 67/67A; BNS 319(2), 336 forgery-type (where ingredients), 356 defamation. IT Rules 2021 as amended by G.S.R. 120(E) (10.02.2026, w.e.f. 20.02.2026): r.3(3) – intermediaries offering synthetic-content (SGI) tools must deploy measures to prevent unlawful SGI and label other SGI with permanent metadata/unique identifier where technically feasible; r.4(1A) – SSMI user declaration + label. ForumCyber PS + NCRP; platform grievance; FSL for authenticity. Procedure & stagePreserve original vs morphed + circulation path; FSL opinion via IO; BSA 63. RemedyTakedown + prosecution + injunction; correction statement via court, not press trial. High Court connectionHC injunction/writ where platforms slow on morph complaints. Documents normally requiredOriginals, morphed copies, URLs, tickets, FSL request. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – preserve originals and report promptly; morphed intimate/impersonation images fall in the 2-hr r.3(2)(b) removal track. **Related:** ID-theft; defamation. **Obviously fake – still offence?** Yes – circulation as if real sustains complaint. ## Fake profile in victim's name – Instagram / Facebook / matrimonial impersonation Profile with victim photos messaging others / soliciting. What it involvesIdentity theft + personation + obscenity where misused. Relevant lawIT 66C (identity theft), 66D; BNS 319(2); IT 67 add where obscene. ForumPlatform impersonation report + NCRP + Cyber PS. Procedure & stageProfile URL + follower/message preservation; platform ticket + FIR; BSA 63. RemedySuspension + disclosure for trial + prosecution. High Court connectionHC disclosure-direction where platform awaits police channel. Documents normally requiredFake vs real profile PDFs, URLs, message samples, tickets, ID. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – platform impersonation notice + NCRP promptly. **Related:** ID-theft; stalking. **Report only?** Report + NCRP/FIR – report alone rarely preserves disclosure. ## Identity theft – PAN/Aadhaar/photo used for SIM, loan, or account Loan/SIM in victim's KYC without knowledge. What it involvesKYC forgery + credit/CRIF impact. Relevant lawIT 66C; BNS 319, 336/340 forgery-type (where ingredients); IT 72A civil penalty (since 30.11.2023) where a service provider discloses in breach of contract. ForumCyber PS; lender/TSP grievance; CIC dispute. Procedure & stageKYC-copy demand via IO; lender fraud-mark request; CIC dispute; BNSS 173 FIR. RemedyFraud-mark + closure + prosecution; correction. High Court connectionWrit vs public lender/bureau for non-speaking rejection after remedy. Documents normally requiredKYC misuse proof, lender letters, CIC report, FIR/NCRP. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – fraud-mark/CIC dispute promptly; CICRA s.21(3) update request – 30 days. **Related:** SIM-swap; defamation (CIBIL-next). **Pay loan to clear CIBIL?** No – fraud-mark track first. ## Online defamation – post, video, review alleging crime/fraud against person/business False post alleges cheating/affair/crime; shares rising. What it involvesFalse + publication + harm; truth/exception is trial issue. Relevant lawBNS 356 (defamation – primary); BNSS complaint procedure; civil injunction parallel. ForumMagistrate complaint (criminal defamation) + civil court (injunction/damages); platform grievance. Procedure & stageURL-wise preservation + witness reach proof; grievance + legal notice + complaint/suit. RemedyTakedown/injunction + damages + prosecution per track. High Court connectionHC in revision/appeal; interim-relief modification – plead exact URLs. Documents normally requiredURLs with time/reach, tickets, notice, ID/business proof. LimitationCriminal complaint – file promptly; cognizance bar – 3 years (BNSS 514; BNS 356(2) punishable up to 2 years; court may extend under s.519); civil damages – 1 year (Limitation Act, Art 75 libel – from publication; Art 76 slander). **Related:** Injunction; fake-profile. **True post – defamation?** Truth for the public good (BNS 356 Exception 1) is a defence at trial – facts only. ## Hacked account – email / Instagram / business page taken over Password/2FA changed; recovery fails; misuse in owner's name. What it involvesUnauthorised access + personation trail. Relevant lawIT 66 (computer-related offence), 43; IT 66C/66D where identity misused; BNS 318 where fraud follows. ForumPlatform hack-recovery + NCRP + Cyber PS. Procedure & stageRecovery + log preservation (login alerts/IPs); grievance + FIR; BSA 63 for logs. RemedyRecovery + disclosure + prosecution. High Court connectionHC direction where business-page takeover stalls after police channel. Documents normally requiredLogin alerts, recovery tickets, misuse samples, NCRP/FIR. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – recovery/log preservation immediately; BSA 63 near filing. **Related:** WhatsApp takeover; evidence. **Change password only?** Also revoke sessions/apps + preserve logs first. ## Voyeurism – photo/video of private act without consent (BNS 77) Private-act recording shared/threatened. What it involvesGendered offence + IT overlay where electronic. Relevant lawBNS 77 (voyeurism – primary); IT 66E add where electronic privacy violated. ForumWomen/Cyber PS + NCRP; platform grievance. Procedure & stageVictim-sensitive statement; device/URL preservation; support-person present. RemedyProsecution + takedown + protection conditions. High Court connectionIn-camera + identity-suppression prayers before HC where needed. Documents normally requiredURLs/devices, tickets, statement, support note. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – report immediately; device/URL preservation is time-sensitive. **Related:** Sextortion; injunction. **Device with accused?** IO seizure under BNSS 106/105 – do not confront directly. ## Cyberbullying / college ragging chat abuse – group targeting student Memes/abuse in class groups; attendance/mental-health impact. What it involvesHarassment + institutional duty + platform track. Relevant lawBNS 79/351/356 per content; IT 67 where obscene; UGC/institutional norms for college track. ForumInstitution ICC/anti-ragging + Cyber PS/NCRP + platform grievance. Procedure & stageFull-thread preservation; institution + police parallel; counselling note. RemedyTakedown + inquiry + prosecution per gravity. High Court connectionHC writ where institution/police silent on student safety. Documents normally requiredThreads, group info, institution complaints, tickets. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – full-thread preservation and complaint promptly. **Related:** Stalking; minor path. **Leave group?** Preserve export first, then mute/exit + complain. ## Accused-side – harassment allegation from failed relationship / dispute Messages quoted out of context after breakup/business fallout. What it involvesConsent/context/cessation record; no-contact discipline. Relevant lawBNS 78/79/351/356 defences on facts; BNSS bail/AB; BSA 63 for full thread. ForumIO; Sessions/HC bail; Magistrate trial. Procedure & stageFull thread (not edits); cessation proof; counsel-led statement; strict no-contact. RemedyBail; discharge/quash where no course-of-conduct proved. High Court connectionHC AB/quash – complete thread decides. Documents normally requiredFull export, cessation/block proof, witness context. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – bail/AB per custody stage; preserve the full thread now. **Related:** Quash; injunction (against counter-circulation). **Delete chats?** No – deletion suggests guilt; preserve full. ## Accused-side – defamation complaint against you for review/complaint Honest review/whistleblow draws 356 notice. What it involvesTruth/good-faith exception + forum discipline. Relevant lawBNS 356 Exceptions (e.g., Exc. 1 truth for public good; Exc. 9 good-faith imputation to protect interests); civil truth defence. ForumMagistrate (complaint); civil court. Procedure & stageSource bundle for each assertion; reply notice with documents; no fresh publication. RemedyDischarge/acquittal per proof; suit defence. High Court connectionHC quash where complaint lacks publication/falsehood prima facie. Documents normally requiredBills/records for each claim, notice/reply, URLs frozen. LimitationReply within the time given in the notice; no fixed period for quash – move promptly. **Related:** Quash; evidence. **Delete review?** Take advice – deletion timing affects record. ## Civil injunction – stop circulation + de-index prayer drafting FIR filed but links keep mirroring. What it involvesURL-specific injunction + intermediary implementation. Relevant lawCPC Order 39 + Specific Relief; IT 79 + Rules grievance record. ForumCivil court (jurisdiction); HC on appeal/revision. Procedure & stageExact URLs + irreparable-harm affidavit + platform tickets; John-Doe where unknown mirrors. RemedyInterim takedown/de-index; final injunction + damages. High Court connectionHC appeal/revision on injunction orders. Documents normally requiredURL list, reach proof, tickets, ID, FIR/NCRP. LimitationInterim relief is urgency-driven – file promptly; damages for libel 1 year from publication (Limitation Act, Art 75); residuary 3 years (Art 113). **Related:** 69A/domain; 2-hr grievance. **One order removes all mirrors?** List known URLs + John-Doe mechanism for mirrors. ## 2-hour intimate-image grievance track – impersonation content (Rule 3(2)(b)) Platform ticket pending while image spreads. What it involvesSpecial 2-hour removal-effort track for private-area/nudity/sexual-act/impersonation incl. morphed. Relevant lawIT Rules Rule 3(2)(b)-(c) (2-hr action on listed intimate-image complaints with details; ack 24 hrs / disposal 7 days). ForumPlatform Grievance Officer → Grievance Appellate Committee (Rule 3A, 30 days) → court. Procedure & stageComplaint with details enabling identification; ticket escalation; GAC appeal within 30 days of the Grievance Officer's communication (r.3A(3)). RemedyRemoval/disable + appellate direction. High Court connectionWrit where GAC/platform process fails on listed content. Documents normally requiredURLs, ID proof, detail note, tickets, GAC appeal. LimitationGAC appeal – 30 days from officer communication. **Related:** Injunction; deepfake. **No ticket number?** Re-file via published grievance page and save ack. ## Workplace / college online harassment record – ICC + police parallel DM harassment by colleague/senior; fears retaliation. What it involvesInternal + criminal tracks can run together. Relevant lawPOSH/UGC framework + BNS 78/79/351 per content; IT overlay where electronic. ForumICC/college cell + SHO/Cyber PS. Procedure & stageDated internal complaint + NCRP/FIR; preserve; no private mediation on serious heads. RemedyInquiry + protection + prosecution per gravity. High Court connectionHC writ where institution buries complaint. Documents normally requiredDMs, institution complaint, tickets, FIR. LimitationNo fixed statutory period for the police track; POSH (aggrieved woman) – IC/LC complaint within 3 months of the last incident, extendable by up to 3 months (s.9); inquiry within 90 days (s.11(4)). **Related:** Stalking; bullying. **Internal or police first?** Both promptly – they serve different reliefs. ## Child-targeted abuse image complaint – POCSO + IT 67B path (facts only) Minor's image misused / sexual content involving child circulated. What it involvesZero-tolerance track; victim-identity protected; do not forward. Relevant lawPOCSO + IT 67B (child sexual content) + BNS 78/79/294-type per facts; procedure child-sensitive. ForumSpecial Juvenile/Cyber + NCRP (report, do not redistribute). Procedure & stageReport with URL (not copy-spread); victim support; FSL via IO; BSA 63. RemedyTakedown + prosecution + compensation/support schemes per policy. High Court connectionHC privacy/in-camera + bail jurisprudence is stringent here – record only. Documents normally requiredURL/time note, reporter ticket, guardian ID, NCRP/FIR. LimitationReport immediately – POCSO s.19 reporting duty (SJPU/local police); do not forward. **Related:** Deepfake; FSL. **Forward to prove?** No – forwarding itself risks offence; report by URL. ## Business-review extortion – "pay or 1-star / expose video stays Threat to keep defamatory review/video unless paid. What it involvesExtortion + defamation + platform-manipulation. Relevant lawBNS 308, 356; IT 66D/66E per method. ForumCyber PS + NCRP; platform grievance. Procedure & stagePreserve demand + review history; platform + FIR parallel; no payment. RemedyTakedown + prosecution; injunction. High Court connectionHC injunction/bail overlap where reviewer sues/counter-alleges. Documents normally requiredDemand chats, review URLs/history, tickets, business proof. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – preserve the demand and report immediately. **Related:** BEC; injunction. **Pay to remove?** No – record demand first. ## Matrimonial-site misuse – fake groom/bride + money/photo demand Profile romance → money/photo demand; family pressure. What it involvesRomance + personation + extortion pattern. Relevant lawBNS 318, 319, 308/351 where threats; IT 66C/66D/66E. ForumPlatform grievance + Cyber PS/NCRP. Procedure & stageFull profile/chat preservation; platform + FIR; family-support note. RemedyTakedown + freeze + prosecution. High Court connectionMulti-state coordination writ where handler outside Kerala. Documents normally requiredProfile PDFs, chats, UTRs, tickets. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – preserve profile/chat and report promptly. **Related:** Pig-butchering; sextortion. **Meet to recover?** No – hand over to IO. ## Doxxing – address/phone/child school published to harass Personal data posted to invite harassment. What it involvesPrivacy + intimidation + platform-takedown. Relevant lawIT 66E / 72A (civil penalty) per source of disclosure; BNS 351/356 per content; DPDP direction evolving. ForumPlatform grievance + Cyber PS/NCRP; injunction where persistent. Procedure & stageURL preservation; takedown + FIR; address-safety steps with police. RemedyRemoval + prosecution + protection. High Court connectionHC privacy/injunction where doxxing persists. Documents normally requiredURLs, disclosure-source note, tickets, FIR. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – takedown + complaint promptly; address-safety steps at once. **Related:** ID-theft; injunction. **Delete own posts?** Audit privacy settings + preserve evidence first. ## Non-consensual recording in lodge/hostel/PG – hidden camera allegation Camera found / recording suspected in private space. What it involvesScene preservation + owner/staff trail. Relevant lawBNS 77; IT 66E; BNS 308/351 where threat. ForumSHO/Cyber PS immediately; FSL scene via IO (BNSS 105/106). Procedure & stageDo not disturb scene; call police; device/scene seizure memo with hash. RemedySeizure + prosecution + injunction on circulation. High Court connectionHC protection/privacy directions; bail jurisprudence strict. Documents normally requiredScene photos (without disturbing), booking proof, device details, FIR. LimitationReport immediately – scene preservation is time-sensitive; no fixed statutory period. **Related:** Voyeurism; seizure-memo. **Confront owner?** No – preserve scene and call police. ## Image-misuse by lender/recovery agent – contact-list broadcast threat Recovery agent threatens to send morphed/borrower photo to contacts. What it involvesCoercive recovery + privacy violation. Relevant lawBNS 308/351; IT 66E/67 per publication; RBI recovery norms. ForumCyber PS + RBI Sachet + lender grievance. Procedure & stagePreserve threat; lender + Sachet + NCRP parallel; permissions revoked. RemedyProsecution + takedown + regulatory action. High Court connectionHC writ where threats continue after complaints. Documents normally requiredThreats, lender ID, APK, Sachet ref, NCRP. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – preserve the threat and file lender/Sachet/NCRP in parallel at once. **Related:** Loan-app; sextortion. **Settle to stop?** Record first – settlement without deletion proof repeats. ## Comment-section pile-on / coordinated trolling – journalist / doctor / teacher targeted Coordinated abuse after post; work affected. What it involvesMulti-account harassment; incitement vs criticism line. Relevant lawBNS 79/351/356 per content; IT Rules grievance per post; IT 66A struck down (Shreya Singhal, 2015) – not a valid charge. ForumPlatform grievance per URL + Cyber PS/NCRP; injunction for persistent handles. Procedure & stageURL-wise bundle (not bulk allegation); grievance + FIR; BSA 63. RemedyAccount/post action + prosecution + injunction. High Court connectionHC free-speech vs protection balance – exact URLs and threats decide. Documents normally requiredURL bundle with time/reach, tickets, FIR. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – URL-wise bundle and complaint promptly. **Related:** Defamation; injunction. **Criticism = offence?** Mere offensiveness without statutory ingredients is not – content-specific record needed. ## Apology / correction vs trial – what public statement is safe during case Parties want to post apology/denial while case pending. What it involvesContempt + defamation-repeat + evidence risks. Relevant lawContempt + BNS 356 repeat-publication risk; BSA admissibility of admissions. ForumCounsel-led; court-recorded statement preferred. Procedure & stageNo unilateral post; court-noted apology/correction where advised. RemedyCleaner trial + contempt safety. High Court connectionHC tests public statements in bail/quash/injunction conduct. Documents normally requiredDraft statement vetted; court order where recorded. LimitationNo fixed statutory period – court-recorded statement as advised; unilateral posts risk contempt. **Related:** Settlement; defamation. **Post apology to end case?** Only through court/counsel – unilateral post can aggravate. ## Evidence bundle for harassment trial – full-thread + BSA 63 + 105 video Screenshots doubted as edited. What it involvesOriginal device + exports + dual certificates + IO videography. Relevant lawBSA 63 (certificate signed by person in charge + expert; Schedule Parts A/B); BNSS 105 (AV recording of search/seizure). ForumTrial court via IO. Procedure & stageOriginal + hash-noted copy + BSA 63(4) certificate in Schedule form – Part A (party) + Part B (expert), with hash; IO 105 video where seizure. RemedyAdmissibility; avoids secondary-proof fight. High Court connectionHC revision/appeal turns on this bundle. Documents normally requiredOriginal, export, BSA 63 drafts, 105 video memo. LimitationBSA 63 certificate with the record each time it is submitted for admission (s.63(4)); BNSS 105 video recorded at the search/seizure. **Related:** Seizure-memo; FSL. **Notarised screenshots enough?** Original + BSA 63 is stronger. 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